The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is a free, formal upper ontology with many associated tools, translations, explanatory documents and domain ontologies. It is owned by IEEE. SUMO and all domain ontologies consist of 20,000 terms and 60,000 axioms. These consist of SUMO itself, the MId-Level Ontology (MILO), and ontologies of Communications, Countries and Regions, Distributed computing, Economy, Finance, Engineering components, Geography, Government, Military, North American Industrial Classification System, People, Physical elements, Transnational Issues, Transportation, Viruses, World Airports A-K, World Airports L-Z. All terms are formally defined. Meanings are not dependent on a particular inference implementation. An inference and ontology management system however is provided. An additional system that supports visual editing, and does a better job of displaying the ontologies, especially in non-Western languages is the KSMSA system. SUMO is the only formal ontology (according to the website) that has been mapped to the entire WordNet lexicon. SUMO is written in the SUO-KIF language.
- Basic Formal Ontology
- DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Integration Language
- Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
- Distributed Ontology Language
- Flora-2
- General Ontology for Linguistic Description
- Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation
- Ontology Integration and Interoperability
- OpenCyc
- SIMPLE Core Ontology
- Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML
- Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer
- Web Ontology Language
- I. Niles and A. Pease, "Toward a Standard Upper Ontology", in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), 2001, pp. 2-9.